国際プレナリー講演

9月7日（月）17:00～18:00

座長：太田　博樹（東京大学），颯田　葉子（総合研究大学院大学）

演者：Dr. Enrico Cappellini (Associate Professor, Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen)

演題："Reconstruction of deep-time human evolution using palaeoproteomics"

The sequencing of ancient DNA has enabled the reconstruction of speciation, migration and admixture events for extinct taxa. However, the irreversible post-mortem degradation of ancient DNA has so far limited its recovery—outside permafrost areas— to specimens that are not older than approximately 0.5 million years. It is by now consistently demonstrated that ancient proteins represent a source of genetic information that can last longer than DNA. Very recently we showed that proteins recovered from human and primate fossils up to ~2 million years old can be reliably used to confidently reconstruct the evolutionary relationships between extant species and the extinct ones whose DNA is completely lost. We used this approach to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the enigmatic giant primate Gigantopithecus blacki and of the extinct hominin species Homo antecessor. We demonstrated that sequencing the proteome of Early Pleistocene dental enamel overcomes the limitations of phylogenetic inference based on ancient DNA. Proteomic investigation of ancient dental enamel, the hardest tissue in vertebrates and highly abundant in the fossil record, can push the reconstruction of molecular evolution further back into the Early Pleistocene epoch.


9月8日（火）9:00～10:00

座長：辻　和希（琉球大学）

演者：Dr. David Lohman (Associate Professor, Biology Department, City College of New York, CUNY; Graduate Center, CUNY; Philippines National Museum of Natural History)

演題："Evolution and biogeography of butterflies in Asia"

I document a novel adaptive radiation in Batesian mimetic Elymnias butterflies across mainland Asia and the Indo-Australian Archipelago resulting in rampant morphological convergence and divergence. Many species are morphologically variable, mimicking different models on different islands. Alternatively, distinct species on different islands sometimes mimic the same models and therefore resemble each other. Mimetic variation within females of one widespread species, E. hypermnestra, provides the opportunity to study the genomic basis of sexually dimorphic mimicry. In this species, some populations with orange females mimic Danaus models, while in others, dark females resemble males and mimic Euploea species. We first documented that different populations with orange females have different suites of ommochrome wing pigments, suggesting convergent evolution. After assembling a reference genome, we resequenced genomes from 45 specimens sampled throughout the species’ range and performed population genomic, phylogenomic, and GWAS analyses. Oceanic and montane barriers to dispersal limit gene flow between three genetic subpopulations, two of which include both orange and dark mimetic female forms. A phylogenomic tree further suggests that orange females evolved independently multiple times. A genome-wide association analysis identified two SNPs in a non-coding region that are perfectly associated with differences in female color forms. These SNPs are adjacent to a gene known to be associated with color patterns in other butterfly species. It is unclear whether the locus controlling the switch between alternative female mimetic forms evolved via true convergence or by retention of ancestral polymorphism. This study demonstrates that a locus known to be associated with wing patterning seems to be responsible for sexually dimorphic mimicry, and not a locus associated with sexual dimorphism.


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